os.system("python –version")

import os
cmd = "git --version"
returned_value = os.system(cmd)  # returns the exit code in unix
print('returned value:', returned_value)

subprocess.call(["python", "–version"])

subprocess.call(["python", "–version"], shell=True)

import subprocess

cmd = "date"
# returns output as byte string
returned_output = subprocess.check_output(cmd)
# using decode() function to convert byte string to string
print('Current date is:', returned_output.decode("utf-8"))

import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ping','-c','4','douban.com'])
child.wait()
print 'main process'

child.poll()           # 检查子进程状态
child.kill()           # 终止子进程
child.send_signal()    # 向子进程发送信号
child.terminate()      # 终止子进程

child.stdin
child.stdout
child.stderr

import subprocess
child1 = subprocess.Popen(["ls","-l"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print child1.stdout.read()

jstack [PID]

jstack -l [PID]
jstack -m [PID]
jstack -F [PID]

2018-05-24 14:41:06
Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (25.101-b13 mixed mode):

Threads class SMR info:
_java_thread_list=0x00007f3cd4005870, length=30, elements={
0x00007f3d14011800, 0x00007f3d142dd800, 0x00007f3d142e1800, 0x00007f3d142f4000,
0x00007f3d142f6000, 0x00007f3d142f8000, 0x00007f3d142fa000, 0x00007f3d14333800,
0x00007f3d14340000, 0x00007f3d14bc6800, 0x00007f3c900a1000, 0x00007f3c90255000,
0x00007f3c9025e800, 0x00007f3c90264000, 0x00007f3d14bdf800, 0x00007f3c64008800,
0x00007f3c6400b000, 0x00007f3d14c1e800, 0x00007f3c54025800, 0x00007f3c54027000,
0x00007f3c54042800, 0x00007f3c54044800, 0x00007f3c24005800, 0x00007f3c0c008800,
0x00007f3c0c00a000, 0x00007f3c0c00b800, 0x00007f3c48027000, 0x00007f3c48010000,
0x00007f3c48011000, 0x00007f3cd4004800
}

"main" #1 prio=5 os_prio=0 cpu=1071286.79ms elapsed=509136.64s tid=0x00007f3d14011800 nid=0xad5 runnable  [0x00007f3d1993a000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
		at org.eclipse.swt.internal.gtk.OS.Call(Native Method)
		at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.sleep(Display.java:5570)
		at smartgit.Wx.d(SourceFile:305)
		at com.syntevo.smartgit.n.a(SourceFile:398)
		at com.syntevo.smartgit.n.a(SourceFile:247)

"Reference Handler" #2 daemon prio=10 os_prio=0 cpu=94.43ms elapsed=509136.51s tid=0x00007f3d142dd800 nid=0xadc waiting on condition  [0x00007f3cf10f4000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
		at java.lang.ref.Reference.waitForReferencePendingList(java.base@11.0.3/Native Method)
		at java.lang.ref.Reference.processPendingReferences(java.base@11.0.3/Reference.java:241)
		at java.lang.ref.Reference$ReferenceHandler.run(java.base@11.0.3/Reference.java:213)

   Locked ownable synchronizers:
		- None

public interface HandlerMethodArgumentResolver {
    boolean supportsParameter(MethodParameter var1);

    @Nullable
    Object resolveArgument(MethodParameter var1, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer var2, NativeWebRequest var3, @Nullable WebDataBinderFactory var4) throws Exception;
}

@Nullable
public Object invokeForRequest(NativeWebRequest request, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, Object... providedArgs) throws Exception {
    // 获取 Controller 中函数的参数对象
    Object[] args = this.getMethodArgumentValues(request, mavContainer, providedArgs);
    if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
        this.logger.trace("Invoking '" + ClassUtils.getQualifiedMethodName(this.getMethod(), this.getBeanType()) + "' with arguments " + Arrays.toString(args));
    }

    Object returnValue = this.doInvoke(args);
    if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
        this.logger.trace("Method [" + ClassUtils.getQualifiedMethodName(this.getMethod(), this.getBeanType()) + "] returned [" + returnValue + "]");
    }

    return returnValue;
}

private Object[] getMethodArgumentValues(NativeWebRequest request, @Nullable ModelAndViewContainer mavContainer, Object... providedArgs) throws Exception {
    // 获取执行的具体函数的参数
    MethodParameter[] parameters = this.getMethodParameters();
    Object[] args = new Object[parameters.length];

    for(int i = 0; i < parameters.length; ++i) {
        MethodParameter parameter = parameters[i];
        parameter.initParameterNameDiscovery(this.parameterNameDiscoverer);
        args[i] = this.resolveProvidedArgument(parameter, providedArgs);
        if (args[i] == null) {
            // 首先判断是否有参数解析器支持参数 parameter，采用职责链的设计模式
            if (this.argumentResolvers.supportsParameter(parameter)) {
                try {
                    // 如果参数解析器支持解析参数 parameter，那么解析参数成 Controller 的函数需要的格式
                    args[i] = this.argumentResolvers.resolveArgument(parameter, mavContainer, request, this.dataBinderFactory);
                } catch (Exception var9) {
                    if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        this.logger.debug(this.getArgumentResolutionErrorMessage("Failed to resolve", i), var9);
                    }

                    throw var9;
                }
            } else if (args[i] == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not resolve method parameter at index " + parameter.getParameterIndex() + " in " + parameter.getExecutable().toGenericString() + ": " + this.getArgumentResolutionErrorMessage("No suitable resolver for", i));
            }
        }
    }

    return args;
}

AbstractCookieValueMethodArgumentResolver
ExpressionValueMethodArgumentResolver
MatrixVariableMethodArgumentResolver
PathVariableMethodArgumentResolver
RequestAttributeMethodArgumentResolver
RequestHeaderMethodArgumentResolver
RequestParamMethodArgumentResolver
ServletCookieValueMethodArgumentResolver
SessionAttributeMethodArgumentResolver

@RequestMapping(value="/hello",method=RequestMethod.POST)
@ResponseBody
public Map<String,Object> test(@RequestParam(value = "uid", required = true, defaultValue = "1") String uid){
    return m;
}

public abstract class AbstractMessageConverterMethodArgumentResolver implements HandlerMethodArgumentResolver {
    protected final List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters;
    protected final List<MediaType> allSupportedMediaTypes;
}

@RequestMapping(value="/hello/test",method=RequestMethod.POST)
@ResponseBody
public Map<String,Object> test(@RequestBody Map<String,Object> m){
    return m;
}

curl -L git.io/antigen > antigen.zsh

apt-get install zsh-antigen

    source /path-to-antigen-clone/antigen.zsh

    # Load the oh-my-zsh's library.
    antigen use oh-my-zsh

    # Bundles from the default repo (robbyrussell's oh-my-zsh).
    antigen bundle git
    antigen bundle heroku
    antigen bundle pip
    antigen bundle lein
    antigen bundle command-not-found

    # Syntax highlighting bundle.
    antigen bundle zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting

    # Load the theme.
    antigen theme robbyrussell

    # Tell antigen that you're done.
    antigen apply

➜ antigen version
apply       -- Load all bundle completions
bundle      -- Install and load the given plugin
bundles     -- Bulk define bundles
cache-gen   -- Generate cache
cleanup     -- Clean up the clones of repos which are not used by any bundles currently lo
help        -- Show this message
init        -- Load Antigen configuration from file
list        -- List out the currently loaded bundles
purge       -- Remove a cloned bundle from filesystem
reset       -- Clears cache
restore     -- Restore the bundles state as specified in the snapshot
revert      -- Revert the state of all bundles to how they were before the last antigen up
selfupdate  -- Update antigen itself
snapshot    -- Create a snapshot of all the active clones
theme       -- Switch the prompt theme
update      -- Update all bundles
use         -- Load any (supported) zsh pre-packaged framework
version     -- Display Antigen version

sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

date +%s    # 返回 10 位时间戳，%s 表示从 1970-01-01 0 点 (epoch 开始的秒数）
date +%s%3N # 返回 13 位时间戳，毫秒
date +%s%N  # 返回 10 + 9 位纳秒

$ date +%s
1504516338
$ date -d @1504516338
Mon Sep  4 17:12:18 CST 2017

$ date -d "06/04/1989"
Sun Jun  4 00:00:00 CDT 1989 1559192456
$ date -d "04 June 1989"
Sun Jun  4 00:00:00 CDT 1989
$ date -d "June 04 1989"
Sun Jun  4 00:00:00 CDT 1989
$ date -d "June 04 1989 12:01:01"
Sun Jun  4 12:01:01 CDT 1989

$ date -d '5 minutes ago' # 5 分钟前的时间
Mon Sep  4 17:22:58 CST 2017
$ date -d '100 days'      # 100 天以后的日期
Wed Dec 13 17:29:14 CST 2017
$ date -d '-100 days'     # 100 天以前的日子
Sat May 27 17:30:01 CST 2017
$ date -d '100 days ago'  # 同上
Sat May 27 17:31:10 CST 2017
$ date -d 'next monday'
Mon Sep 11 00:00:00 CST 2017

date -d@1559192456

date +%<format options>

$ date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
2017-09-04 17:38:46

d 删除
w 单词
将两个字母组合起来就是 删除单词

{number}{command}{text-object}

d Delete
c Change  delete and enter insert mode
y yank
>  intend 缩进
v 选择

w 移动到下一个 word 开始
e 移动到下一个 word 的结尾
b 移动到上一个 word 的开始 back
2j   向下移动 2 lines

w => words 表示移动一个单词
s => sentences 移动一个句子
p => paragraphs 向下移动一个段落
t => tags  (html xml)

a => all
i => in
t => 'till
f => find forward
F => find backward

iw => inner word
it => inner tag
i" => inner quotes
ip => inner paragraph
as => a sentence

d => delete(also cut)
c => change(delete, then into insert mode)
y => yank (copy)
v => visual select

diw  delete in word，即使光标在 word 中也能够快速删除 word
yi)  yank all text inside the parentheses，光标在 `()` 中复制括号中的所有内容

{command}{text object or motion}

f,F => find the next character
t,T => find till
/,?   => search

the program print ("Hello, World!")

"hello world"

'hello world'

<p>hello world</p>

"hello world"

hello world

qa                  # 将命令记录到寄存器 a 中
q                   # 再次 q 结束记录
@a                  # 使用寄存器
@@                  # 使用上一次寄存器

sudo fdisk -l    # 列出磁盘分区表

Disk /dev/ram0: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram1: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram2: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram3: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram4: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram5: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram6: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram7: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram8: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram9: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram10: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram11: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram12: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram13: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram14: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram15: 4 MiB, 4194304 bytes, 8192 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 7.4 GiB, 7948206080 bytes, 15523840 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x1fdbda7f

Device         Boot Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1       8192    93813    85622 41.8M  c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2      94208 15523839 15429632  7.4G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/sda: 1.4 TiB, 1500301909504 bytes, 2930277167 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x4c63688c

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1        2048 2930272255 2930270208  1.4T  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g
sudo mkdir -p /media/sda1
sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/sda1

sudo df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/root       7.3G  2.2G  4.8G  31% /
devtmpfs        460M     0  460M   0% /dev
tmpfs           464M     0  464M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           464M   13M  452M   3% /run
tmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           464M     0  464M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mmcblk0p1   42M   21M   21M  51% /boot
tmpfs            93M     0   93M   0% /run/user/1000
/dev/sda1       1.4T  1.1T  363G  75% /media/sda1

sudo vim /etc/fstab

/dev/sda1 /mnt/hdd ext4 defaults 0 0

sudo vim /etc/udev/rules.d/10-usbstorage.rules

KERNEL!="sd*", GOTO="media_by_label_auto_mount_end"
SUBSYSTEM!="block",GOTO="media_by_label_auto_mount_end"
IMPORT{program}="/sbin/blkid -o udev -p %N"
ENV{ID_FS_TYPE}=="", GOTO="media_by_label_auto_mount_end"
ENV{ID_FS_LABEL}!="", ENV{dir_name}="%E{ID_FS_LABEL}"
ENV{ID_FS_LABEL}=="", ENV{dir_name}="Untitled-%k"
ACTION=="add", ENV{mount_options}="relatime,sync"
ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_FS_TYPE}=="vfat", ENV{mount_options}="iocharset=utf8,umask=000"
ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_FS_TYPE}=="ntfs", ENV{mount_options}="iocharset=utf8,umask=000"
ACTION=="add", RUN+="/bin/mkdir -p /media/%E{dir_name}", RUN+="/bin/mount -o $env{mount_options} /dev/%k /media/%E{dir_name}"
ACTION=="remove", ENV{dir_name}!="", RUN+="/bin/umount -l /media/%E{dir_name}", RUN+="/bin/rmdir /media/%E{dir_name}"
LABEL="media_by_label_auto_mount_end"

umount /media/sda1